A Smörgåsbord of Educational Methods
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Pages: 30 sides of A4 (or less)
Educational Methodology
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Overall aim of this chapter: to make the reader aware that there is more than one way of doing things: some more effective than others. So, we need to give them a repertoire of educational methods and ILLUSTRATE which methods are particular good for what and which methods are not so good. Use case examples where possible; discuss the pros and cons of each method.
- The educational paradigm (or triangle) - relationship between aims, methods and assessment : how one is dependant on the other (p159 tutorial planning, the gp trainer's handbook, middleton & field)
- Principles of Methodology (Good & McCaslin)
- Field Dependence Model (Riding & Cheema - p161 the gp's trainer handbook (p49, ch4 McEvoy)
- Need to highlight to select the right method for the right aim: give examples eg demonstration and practice for practical skills
- Something about teacher-centredness vs learner centredness
- Menu of methods :
- Lecture, Symposium, Seminar, Debate, Mini-lectures
- Buzz Groups, Specific Task Groups, Teaching-Learning Group, Triadic Teaching, Snowballing, OSCE as a learning tool, ISCEEs (ask Ram about ISCEEs)
- Brainstorming, Reverse Brainstorming, Action learning, Project Based Learning, Modular Learning, Critical Incident
- Problem Based Learning
- Random Case Analysis & Problem Case Analysis
- Case Based Discussion, Portfolio Based learning Evidence Based learning
- Micro teaching
- Role Play, Using Simulators
- Video Teaching
- The Balint Group - include facilitator instructions too (see facilitator instructions on the right)
- may be a summary table of a) what it is b) what it is good for c) pros d) cons e) key facilitator tips
- Lateral thinking
- Thinking needs attention: there is software being developed for computers all the time. How often do we spend time on programming for thinking?
- people are too complacent about thinking: we pat ourselves on our back too often believing we are doing well when actually our thinking isn't as good as it really is. De bono gives a good example of this: our government for instance is full of people who are good at talking, analysing, critiquing (after all, that's how they got in). But they have not been trained or used to (have a habit of) constructive thinking and yet they run our country!
- mathematicians state: self organising systems reach a stable equillibrium and if you dont provoke them, how are you going to get to a state of GLOBAL equillibrium?
- and logical thinking is not the only way
- for instance, why arguments/debate isn't always the best way (and is often inefficient and a crude way of discussing something): a) it's negative, you spend all your time attacking b) most people have fixed positions c)there is no design: you dont try and move forwards d) if there is 5% wrong with the other position, you spend all your time attacking the 5% e) there is far too much ego and the joy of proving someone wrong
- Edward de Bono's work - summarise key points and principles: idea creativity, what lateral thinking means, creativity is often logical in hindsight but often not in foresight, that creative thinking is a skill just like cooking which can be learned, but some are going to better than others (just like they are with cooking), but is not a magic talent only owned by a special few.
- the six hats: how it's not just a different way of brainstorming (again, good to be 'free' but is still a weak method); the six hats is not just a method of focusing us on someone else'spoint of view; we all have a repertoire of thinking sets and this sensitises some of these to be come active: like with the red hat, everyone is focussing on feelings (and we all have feelings, not just the other person); so it's forcing you out of your natural inclination; and yes, it does force you to think differently
- the six hats is 'operational thinking': what do you do! not like previous theories which focus on analysing; a possibility system
- parallel thinking: everyone must wear the same hat for this to work: imagine discussing an issue where everyone systematically wears each of the hats rather than the to and fro arguments that often go on (like in parliament).
- references:
- http://www.edwarddebono.com/
- http://www.edwdebono.com/
- http://www.debonopost.com/
- on wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_de_Bono
- http://www.debonocode.org/ - interesting!
- check out youtube for videos on de bono